Apache

Docs

In addition to the extensive online documentation of the Apache project, you should consult the local documentation on your system under /usr/share/doc/apache2.2-common or similar

Secure Server

These notes illustrate what I did for my Ubuntu system and are based on an instructional video from Linux Journal for RedHat systems see http://www.linuxjournal.com/video/set-secure-virtual-host-apache

For Debian-based distros, the apache binary is apache2 rather than httpd, so for finding out what modules are built-in or enabled you would type

sudo apache2 -l

If mod_ssl.so is not listed in the output, it can be easily enabled by using the a2enmod command

sudo a2enmod ssl
Enabling module ssl.
See /usr/share/doc/apache2.2-common/README.Debian.gz on how to configure SSL and create self-signed certificates.
Run '/etc/init.d/apache2 restart' to activate new configuration!

A script for generating randomness (to help in creating a more cryptographically secure SSL key)

#! /usr/bin/env python

import string
from random import Random
import sys

for x in range(1, 10000): sys.stdout.write(
  Random().sample(string.letters +
  string.digits, 1)[0])

./randomness.py > file1
./randomness.py > file2
./randomness.py > file3
sudo openssl genrsa -des3 -rand file1:file2:file3 -out server.key 1024

Do this if you want to remove the server key (useful if you want the SSL server to restart unattended)

sudo openssl rsa -in server.key -out server.pem

Generate the signed certificate

sudo openssl req -new -key server.pem -out server.csr
sudo openssl x509 -req -in server.csr -signkey server.pem -out server.crt

Copy certificate over to the configuration directory

sudo cp server.pem server.crt /etc/apache2/
sudo chmod 600 /etc/apache2/server.pem /etc/apache2/server.crt

Because Debian-based systems use "mods-available" and "mods-enabled" through a convention of symbolic links which get included by wildcard in the main apache2.conf; and also because the default "load" configuration file for the module (ssl.conf.load) is already present on the system, you don't have to do anything more than the previous "a2enmod" command to get the module, and it's configuration file read into apache

Modify the (default) configuration file (only if you want to change the available ciphers used)

sudo vi /etc/apache2/mods-available/ssl.conf

My ubuntu system comes pre-configured to allow medium to highly secure ciphers SSLCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM:!ADH

Now configure our directory paths, and permissions in an Apache configuration file

sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl /etc/apache2/sites-available/mysite-ssl
sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/mysite-ssl

In addition to setting Document Root, I modified these two directives:

 SSLCertificateFile    /etc/apache2/server.crt 
 SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/apache2/server.pem

# enable the site
sudo a2ensite mysite-ssl
# test the configuration syntax
sudo apache2ctl configtest
# restart the server
sudo apache2ctl graceful

Secure Sockets Layer = secure (encrypted) underpinning for HTTP